SSC JE Civil Engineering Syllabus 2023 |
We have
compiled the SSC JE Civil Engineering Syllabus 2023 for the Civil Engineering
Branch in this article. This syllabus will be beneficial for candidates who are
preparing for the SSC Junior Engineer exam. The exam consists of two papers -
Paper 1 and Paper 2.
Paper 1
will consist of 200 objective type questions. It is crucial to prepare for the
exam according to the SSC JE Syllabus to perform well. Paper 2 will be
subjective and will have questions worth 300 marks from the Civil Engineering
subject.
We have
provided the SSC JE Syllabus Civil Engineering below, and you can also download
the PDF for the same. Make sure to cover all the topics mentioned in the
syllabus thoroughly.
SSC JE Latest News:
·
SSC JE 2023 Exam
News Updates – Exam Date, Result, Admit Card
Based
on the tentative calendar for SSC JE, the notification for the SSC JE exam is
scheduled to be released on July 26th, 2023 (Wednesday). Additionally, the
Paper 1 exam for the SSC JE Junior Engineer will be held in October 2023. As
the exam date for SSC Junior Engineer Exam is fast approaching, it is essential
to manage your time efficiently and prepare accordingly. We have provided the
SSC JE Syllabus for Civil Engineering 2023, as well as the SSC JE subject-wise
weightage for the Civil Engineering subject to help you in your preparation.
Make sure to go through the syllabus and weightage thoroughly to cover all the
topics and perform well in the exam.
(toc)
SSC JE Civil Engineering Syllabus 2023 - Detailed & Updated
The Staff Selection Commission (SSC) conducts the
Junior Engineer (JE) exam every year for various engineering branches. The SSC
JE exam is an excellent opportunity for aspiring civil engineers to secure a
government job. The exam consists of two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2, which
test the candidate's knowledge of various subjects related to Civil
Engineering. In this article, we will provide you with a comprehensive guide to
the SSC JE Civil Engineering Syllabus 2023 and Exam Pattern. The detailed syllabus for SSC JE Paper-I
and Paper-II is given below.
SSC JE Best Books:
·
Best Books for
SSC JE Civil Engineering Exam 2023
Subjects |
Questions/Marks |
SSC JE Paper-1 CBT (Online) |
|
1. General Intelligence & Reasoning |
50 |
2. General Awareness |
50 |
3. Part A- General Engineering (Civil &
Structural) |
100 |
Total |
200/200 |
Paper 2
[Descriptive Test] |
|
Part A-
General Engineering (Civil & Structural) |
300 |
Total |
300 |
Grand Total |
500 |
SSC JE Paper-I Exam Pattern for Civil Engineering
Paper 1 of the SSC JE exam will be conducted in
online mode and will consist of three sections, General Intelligence &
Reasoning, General Awareness, and General Engineering [Civil Engineering]. The
exam will be of objective type and will carry a total of 200 marks. The
duration of the exam will be 2 hours.
There will be three sections in this exam:
1.
General
Awareness (50 marks)
2. General Intelligence & Reasoning (50 marks)
3. General Engineering [Civil Engineering] (100
marks)
Total Marks: 200
Exam Time: The
duration of SSC JE Paper 1 is 2 hours or 120 minutes.
Subjects |
Questions/Marks |
SSC JE Paper-1 Objective Multiple Choice CBT [Online] Time: 2 Hour |
|
1. General Intelligence & Reasoning |
50 |
2. General Awareness |
50 |
3. Part A- General Engineering (Civil &
Structural) |
100 |
Total |
200/200 |
Negative Marking:
Candidates should be aware that there is a
penalty of 0.25 marks for each incorrect answer in SSC JE Paper 1. It is
advisable for candidates to keep this in mind while answering the questions.
Previous Year Papers:
·
Download
SSC JE Civil Engineering Previous Year Question Papers PDF
SSC JE Syllabus 2022 Civil Engineering for Paper 1
The SSC Junior Engineer exam is getting tougher
every year. Along with this, the cut off for the SSC Junior Engineer exam is
increasing every year. Every year, lakhs of civil engineering branch students
apply for this exam, but only a few are able to clear SSC Junior Engineering
Paper 1. Cracking the SSC JE exam
requires good time management and hard work. Here below we are sharing with you
the SSC JE Syllabus 2023 Civil Engineering with subject wise weightage.
SSC JE Syllabus for General Intelligence & Reasoning
The General Intelligence section of the SSC JE exam
will include both verbal and non-verbal type questions. The following are the topics included in General Intelligence and
Reasoning section of SSC JE Paper-1:
Subjects |
Subject
Topics |
General
Intelligence & Reasoning Total Marks Weightage:
50 Marks |
· Classification · Analogy · Coding-Decoding · Paper Folding Method · Matrix · Word Formation · Venn Diagram · Direction and Distance · Blood Relations · Series · Verbal Reasoning · Non-Verbal Reasoning · Seating arrangements · Space Visualization · Problem-Solving Analysis · Judgment · Decision Making · Visual Memory · Discrimination · Observation · Relationship Concept · Arithmetical Reasoning · Verbal and Figure Classification · Arithmetical Number Series · Arithmetical Computations |
SSC JE Syllabus for General Awareness
Here's a corrected
version of your sentence: The General Awareness section of the SSC JE exam is
designed to evaluate the candidate's understanding of various aspects related
to history, current affairs, general science, and other relevant topics. The
following are the topics included in General Awareness section of SSC JE
Paper-1:
Subjects |
Subject
Topics |
General Awareness Total Marks Weightage:
50 Marks |
· Static General Knowledge · Science · Current Affairs · Sports · Books and Authors · Important Schemes · Prominent Personalities in the News · History · Culture · Geography · Economics · Awards and Honors |
SSC JE Syllabus for General Engineering [Civil and Structural Engineering]
The General Engineering section in Paper 1 consists
of 100 objective type questions, which are based on the stream selected by the
candidate, i.e., Civil/Mechanical/Electrical Engineering. We have provided the
SSC JE Civil Syllabus for General Engineering below.
Subjects |
Subject
Topics |
Part-A: Civil Engineering Total Marks Weightage:
100 Marks |
· Building Materials · Surveying · Estimating · Soil Mechanics · Costing and Valuation · Concrete Technology · Irrigation Engineering · Steel Design · Theory of Structures · Hydraulics · RCC Design · Environmental Engineering · Transportation Engineering. |
SSC JE Syllabus for Civil Engineering for Paper 2
Only those candidates who clear Paper 1 will be
eligible to appear for Paper 2 of the SSC JE exam. Paper 2 is a descriptive
type of exam that carries 300 marks and is allotted 2 hours for completion. The
questions in Paper 2 are asked from the descriptive type of the candidate's
chosen engineering branch, i.e., Electrical/Mechanical/Civil Engineering. This
exam is conducted in offline mode. It is important for candidates to have a
strong understanding of the concepts and practical applications of civil
engineering branch to perform well in the descriptive type of exam.
SSC JE Paper-II Exam Pattern Civil Engineering
Exam Duration: The exam
duration for Paper-II will be 2 hours (120 minutes).
Subjects |
Marks |
Paper 2
[Descriptive Test] Pen and Paper Mode |
|
Part A-
General Engineering (Civil & Structural) |
300 |
Total |
300 |
SSC JE Civil Engineering Syllabus 2023: Latest Update
The SSC JE Civil Engineering Syllabus 2023 for
General Engineering is the same for both Paper 1 and Paper 2 of the exam. Paper-2
of the SSC JE Civil syllabus includes a detailed explanation of each topic
under each part as discussed in the General Engineering section of Paper I. The
syllabus includes the following topics:
SSC JE Exam Notes PDF:
·
SSC JE Exam Handwritten Notes Hindi and
English Free Pdf Download
Building Materials [Marks Weightage: 8-14 Marks]
Building Materials: Physical and
Chemical properties, classification, standard tests, uses and
manufacture/quarrying of materials e.g. building stones, silicate-based
materials, cement (Portland), asbestos products, timber and wood-based
products, laminates, bituminous materials, paints, varnishes.
Building Materials Marks Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about building materials in SSC Junior Engineer Civil
Engineering Exam Paper 1 held in previous years.
Building
Materials |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2022 [16/11/2022] |
3-4 |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
13 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
7 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
12 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
9 |
Building Materials Marks Weightage [Paper-2]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about building materials in SSC Junior Engineer Civil
Engineering Exam Paper 2 held in
previous years.
Exam Year |
No Of
Question/Marks Weightage [Paper-2] |
2021 |
2/30 |
Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Marks Weightage: 7-10 Marks]
Estimating, Costing and Valuation: estimate,
glossary of technical terms, analysis of rates, methods and unit of
measurement, Items of work – earthwork, Brick work (Modular & Traditional
bricks), RCC work, Shuttering, Timber work, Painting, Flooring, Plastering.
Boundary wall, Brick building, Water Tank, Septic tank, Bar bending schedule,
Centre line method, Mid-section formula, Trapezodial formula, Simpson‟s rule. Cost estimate of Septic tank, flexible
pavements, Tube well, isolates and combined footings, Steel Truss, Piles and
pile-caps. Valuation – Value and cost, scrap value, salvage value, assessed
value, sinking fund, depreciation and obsolescence, methods of valuation.
Estimating, Costing and Valuation Marks Weightage
[Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Estimating, Costing and Valuation in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 1
held in previous years.
Estimating,
Costing and Valuation |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
10 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
9 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
10 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
10 |
Estimating, Costing and Valuation Marks Weightage
[Paper-2]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Estimating, Costing and Valuation in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 2
held in previous years.
Exam Year |
No Of
Question/Marks Weightage [Paper-2] |
2021 |
1/15 |
Surveying [Marks Weightage: 7-10 Marks]
Surveying : Principles of surveying,
measurement of distance, chain surveying, working of prismatic compass, compass
traversing, bearings, local attraction, plane table surveying, theodolite
traversing, adjustment of theodolite, Levelling, Definition of terms used in
levelling, contouring, curvature and refraction corrections, temporary and
permanent adjustments of dumpy level, methods of contouring, uses of contour
map, tachometric survey, curve setting, earth work calculation, advanced surveying
equipment.
Surveying Marks Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Surveying in SSC Junior Engineer Civil
Engineering Exam Paper 1 held in previous years.
Survey |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2022 [16/11/2022] |
9-10 |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
12 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
10 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
9 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
8 |
Surveying Marks Weightage [Paper-2]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Surveying in SSC Junior Engineer Civil
Engineering Exam Paper 2 held in
previous years.
Exam Year |
No Of
Question/Marks Weightage [Paper-2] |
2021 |
1/15 |
Soil Mechanics [Marks Weightage: 10-14 Marks]
Soil Mechanics: Origin of
soil, phase diagram, Definitions-void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation,
water content, specific gravity of soil grains, unit weights, density index and
interrelationship of different parameters, Grain size distribution curves and
their uses. Index properties of soils, Atterberg‟s limits, ISI soil classification and plasticity
chart. Permeability of soil, coefficient of permeability, determination of
coefficient of permeability, Unconfined and confined aquifers, effective
stress, quick sand, consolidation of soils, Principles of consolidation, degree
of consolidation, pre-consolidation pressure, normally consolidated soil, e-log
p curve, computation of ultimate settlement. Shear strength of soils, direct
shear test, Vane shear test, Triaxial test. Soil compaction, Laboratory
compaction test, Maximum dry density and optimum moisture content, earth
pressure theories, active and passive earth pressures, Bearing capacity of
soils, plate load test, standard penetration test.
Soil Mechanics Marks Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Soil Mechanics in SSC Junior Engineer Civil
Engineering Exam Paper 1 held in previous years.
Soil |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2022 [16/11/2022] |
2-3 |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
14 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
9 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
7 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
10 |
Soil Mechanics Marks Weightage [Paper-2]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Soil Mechanics in SSC Junior Engineer Civil Engineering
Exam Paper 2 held in
previous years.
Exam Year |
No Of
Question/Marks Weightage [Paper-2] |
2021 |
4/[10+25+20+15=70] |
Hydraulics [Marks Weightage: 13-15 Marks]
Hydraulics: Fluid
properties, hydrostatics, measurements of flow, Bernoulli‟s theorem and
its application, flow through pipes, flow in open channels, weirs, flumes,
spillways, pumps and turbines.
Hydraulics Marks Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Hydraulics in SSC Junior Engineer Civil
Engineering Exam Paper 1 held in previous years.
Hydraulics |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2022 [16/11/2022] |
5-6 |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
10 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
8 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
6 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
10 |
Hydraulics Marks Weightage [Paper-2]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Hydraulics in SSC Junior Engineer Civil Engineering
Exam Paper 2 held in
previous years.
Exam Year |
No Of
Question/Marks Weightage [Paper-2] |
2021 |
2/[15+15=30] |
Irrigation Engineering [Marks Weightage: 8-16 Marks]
Irrigation Engineering: Definition,
necessity, benefits, 2II effects of irrigation, types and methods of
irrigation, Hydrology – Measurement of rainfall, run off coefficient, rain
gauge, losses from precipitation – evaporation, infiltration, etc. Water
requirement of crops, duty, delta and base period, Kharif and Rabi Crops,
Command area, Time factor, Crop ratio, Overlap allowance, Irrigation
efficiencies. Different type of canals, types of canal irrigation, loss of
water in canals. Canal lining – types and advantages. Shallow and deep to
wells, yield from a well. Weir and barrage, Failure of weirs and permeable
foundation, Slit and Scour, Kennedy‟s theory of critical velocity.
Lacey‟s theory of
uniform flow. Definition of flood, causes and effects, methods of flood
control, water logging, preventive measure. Land reclamation, Characteristics
of affecting fertility of soils, purposes, methods, description of land and
reclamation processes. Major irrigation projects in India.
Irrigation Engineering Marks Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Water Resource Engineering in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 1
held in previous years.
Irrigation
Engineering |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2022 [16/11/2022] |
2-3 |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
4 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
9 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
17 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
19 |
Irrigation Engineering Marks Weightage [Paper-2]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Irrigation Engineering in SSC Junior Engineer
Civil Engineering Exam Paper 2 held in
previous years.
Exam Year |
No Of
Question/Marks Weightage [Paper-2] |
2021 |
3/45 |
Transportation Engineering [Marks Weightage: 7-11 Marks]
Transportation Engineering:
Highway Engineering – cross sectional elements, geometric design, types of
pavements, pavement materials – aggregates and bitumen, different tests, Design
of flexible and rigid pavements – Water Bound Macadam (WBM) and Wet Mix Macadam
(WMM), Gravel Road, Bituminous construction, Rigid pavement joint, pavement
maintenance, Highway drainage, Railway Engineering- Components of permanent way
– sleepers, ballast, fixtures and fastening, track geometry, points and
crossings, track junction, stations and yards. Traffic Engineering – Different
traffic survey, speed-flow-density and their interrelationships, intersections
and interchanges, traffic signals, traffic operation, traffic signs and
markings, road safety.
Transportation Engineering Marks Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Transportation Engineering in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 1
held in previous years.
Transportation
Engineering |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2022 [16/11/2022] |
4-5 |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
10 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
7 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
10 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
9 |
Transportation Engineering Marks
Weightage [Paper-2]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Transportation Engineering in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 2
held in previous years.
Exam Year |
No Of
Question/Marks Weightage [Paper-2] |
2021 [Highway Engineering] |
1/15 |
2021 [Railway Engineering] |
1/15 |
Environmental Engineering [Marks Weightage: 7-10 Marks]
Environmental Engineering:
Quality of water, source of water supply, purification of water, distribution
of water, need of sanitation, sewerage systems, circular sewer, oval sewer,
sewer appurtenances, sewage treatments. Surface water drainage. Solid waste
management – types, effects, engineered management system. Air pollution –
pollutants, causes, effects, control. Noise pollution – cause, health effects,
control.
Environmental Engineering Marks
Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Environmental Engineering in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 1
held in previous years.
Environmental
Engineering |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2022 [16/11/2022] |
6 |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
7 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
9 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
7 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
5 |
Environmental Engineering Marks
Weightage [Paper-2]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Environmental Engineering in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 2
held in previous years.
Exam Year |
No Of Question/Marks
Weightage [Paper-2] |
2021 |
2/[15+25=40] |
Structural Engineering
Theory of structures [Marks Weightage: 2-5 Marks]
Theory of structures: Elasticity
constants, types of beams – determinate and indeterminate, bending moment and
shear force diagrams of simply supported, cantilever and over hanging beams.
Moment of area and moment of inertia for rectangular & circular sections,
bending moment and shear stress for tee, channel and compound sections,
chimneys, dams and retaining walls, eccentric loads, slope deflection of simply
supported and cantilever beams, critical load and columns, Torsion of circular
section.
Theory of structures Marks
Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Theory of structures in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 1
held in previous years.
TOS |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
1 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
5 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
1 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
5 |
Concrete Technology [Marks Weightage: 4-7 Marks]
Concrete Technology:
Properties, Advantages and uses of concrete, cement aggregates, importance of
water quality, water cement ratio, workability, mix design, storage, batching,
mixing, placement, compaction, finishing and curing of concrete, quality
control of concrete, hot weather and cold weather concreting, repair and maintenance
of concrete structures.
Concrete Technology Marks
Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Concrete Technology in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 1
held in previous years.
Concrete
Technology |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2022 [16/11/2022] |
1-2 |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
3 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
5 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
8 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
4 |
RCC Design [Marks Weightage: 4-8 Marks]
RCC Design:
RCC beams-flexural strength, shear strength, bond strength, design of singly
reinforced and double reinforced beams, cantilever beams. T-beams, lintels. One
way and two way slabs, isolated footings. Reinforced brick works, columns,
staircases, retaining wall, water tanks (RCC design questions may be based on
both Limit State and Working Stress methods).
RCC Design Marks
Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about RCC Design in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 1
held in previous years.
RCC |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2022 [16/11/2022] |
2-3 |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
8 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
4 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
2 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
1 |
RCC Marks
Weightage [Paper-2]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about RCC in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 2
held in previous years.
Exam Year |
No Of
Question/Marks Weightage [Paper-2] |
2021 |
2/[15+25=40] |
Steel Design [Marks Weightage: 5-6 Marks]
Steel Design: Steel design
and construction of steel columns, beams roof trusses plate girders.
Steel Design Marks
Weightage [Paper-1]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Steel Design in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 1
held in previous years.
Steel |
Marks
Weightage [Paper-1] |
2021 [23/03/2021] |
6 |
2020 11/12/2020 |
5 |
2020 30/10/2020 |
5 |
2019 23/09/2019 |
4 |
Steel Design Marks
Weightage [Paper-2]
In the table below, you will get an idea about the
number of questions asked about Steel Design in SSC Junior
Engineer Civil Engineering Exam Paper 2
held in previous years.
Exam Year |
No Of
Question/Marks Weightage [Paper-2] |
2021 |
1/25 |
SSC JE Civil Engineering Syllabus 2023 PDF Download
We are providing
you with the PDF format of the SSC JE Civil Engineering Syllabus 2023 in the
table below. You have two options for acquiring the SSC JE Civil Engineering
Syllabus: either download the official version or access the SSC JE 2023 Civil
Engineering Syllabus subject-wise weightage PDF included in this article.
Syllabus Name |
PDF Link |
SSC JE Syllabus 2022 for Civil Engineering PDF
Download |
|
[Official] SSC JE Syllabus 2022 for Civil Engineering PDF Download |
Conclusion
I hope you have
understood the SSC JE Syllabus and Exam Pattern for Civil Engineering [CE]
2023. We have shared the SSC JE Syllabus 2023 for Civil Engineering along with
subject-wise weightage. If the previous year's papers of the syllabus are
analysed, most of the questions are asked about Building Materials, Soil
Mechanics, Surveying, and Hydraulics. Whenever you study for the SSC JE exam,
always focus more on the topic on which more questions are asked. Always do
your preparation according to the SSC JE Syllabus 2023 for Civil Engineering.
SSC JE Study Material:
·
SSC JE Exam Pattern, Syllabus, Best
Books, Previous Papers, Notes Download
SSC JE 2023 Civil Engineering FAQs:
Welcome
to the SSC JE 2023 Civil Engineering FAQs! Below, you'll find answers to some
of the most commonly asked questions about the exam syllabus. If you have any
additional questions or concerns, feel free to ask by leaving a comment.
Q1. What is the SSC JE exam, and who can apply for it?
The SSC JE exam is conducted by the Staff Selection Commission (SSC) for various engineering branches, including Civil Engineering. It is an excellent opportunity for aspiring engineers to secure a government job. Candidates who have a degree or diploma in Civil Engineering can apply for the exam.
Q2. What is the exam pattern for Paper 1 of the SSC JE exam?
Paper 1 of the SSC JE exam will be conducted in online mode and will consist of three sections, General Intelligence & Reasoning, General Awareness, and General Engineering [Civil Engineering]. The exam will be of objective type and will carry a total of 200 marks. The duration of the exam will be 2 hours.
Q3. Is there negative marking in the SSC JE exam?
Yes, there is a penalty of 0.25 marks for each incorrect answer in SSC JE Paper 1. Candidates should keep this in mind while answering the questions.
Comment Below, Ask Anything About This Article...:)